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http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/vector302to323.pdf

Flies can spread diseases because they feed freely on human food and filthy matter alike. The fly picks up disease-causing organisms while crawling and feeding. Those that stick to the outside surfaces of the fly may survive for only a few hours, but those that are ingested with the food may survive in the fly’s crop or gut for several days. Transmission takes place when the fly makes contact with people or their food (Fig. 6.5). Most of the diseases can also be contracted more directly through contaminated food, water, air, hands and person-to-person contact. This reduces the relative importance of flies as carriers of disease.

The diseases that flies can transmit include enteric infections (such as dysentery, diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera and certain helminth infections), eye infections (such as trachoma and epidemic conjunctivitis) (Fig. 6.6), poliomyelitis and certain skin infections (such as yaws, cutaneous diphtheria, some mycoses and leprosy).

Prevention of contact between flies and disease-causing germs

The sources of germs include human and animal excrement, garbage, sewage, infected eyes, and open sores and wounds. Measures to eliminate fly breeding also reduce contact between flies and germs. The most important are: — the installation and use of proper latrines and toilets where flies cannot make contact with faeces; — the prevention of contact between flies and sick people, their excreta, soiled baby nappies, open sores, and infected eyes; — the prevention of access of flies to slaughter offal and dead animals. Protection of food, eating utensils and people from contact with flies Food and utensils can be placed in fly-proof containers, cupboards, wrapping materials, etc. Nets and screens can be used on windows and other openings. Doors can be made self-closing. Doorways can be provided with anti-fly curtains, consisting of strings of beads or plastic strips which touch each other and prevent flies from passing through (Fig. 6.11). Nets can be placed over babies to protect them from flies, mosquitos and other insects, and can also be used to cover food or utensils (Fig. 6.12). Electric fans can create an air barrier across entrances or corridors that have to be kept open. The screening of buildings is the most important method but it may cause inconvenience because of reduced ventilation and light. Mesh with openings of 2– 3mm is sufficient unless it is desired to exclude mosquitos also, in which case the openings should be 1.5mm or less (see Chapter 1). Plastic-coated material is preferable to metal because the latter may corrode. Flies that enter screened rooms can be killed with traps, sticky tapes or space sprays delivered from an aerosol spray can.

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/vector302to323.pdf

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