Keracunan Cypermethrin

http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/cypermethrin.pdf

What is cypermethrin?

Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide. It was first synthesized in 1974 (1). ˇ Cypermethrin is a synthetic chemical similar to the pyrethrins in pyrethrum extract (which comes from the chrysanthemum plant). Pyrethroids, including cypermethrin were designed to be effective longer than pyrethrins (1).

How does cypermethrin work?

 Cypermethrin kills insects that eat or come into contact with it (2). • Cypermethrin works by quickly affecting the insect’s central nervous system.

What are some products that contain cypermethrin?

termiticides ˇ household insecticides ˇ outdoor insecticides ˇ AmmoTM ˇ CybushR • Cynoff TM ˇ Cyperkill ˇ DemonR

How toxic is cypermethrin?

Animals

• Cockroach brain cells exposed to very small doses (up to 0.02 micrograms per gram of brain weight or cg/g) of cypermethrin exhibited a nervous system response, which in cockroaches, would result in restlessness, incoordination, prostration, and paralysis (3). See box on laboratory testing.

• Mice exposed to small doses (0.3 to 4.3 cg/g) of cypermethrin displayed symptoms including writhing, convulsions, and salivation (4).

• Rats exposed to cypermethrin exhibited similar symptoms including tremors, seizures, writhing, and salivation as well as burrowing behavior (5). ˇ Cypermethrin may be a weak skin sensitizer in guinea pigs (2, 6). ˇ Newborn rats were more sensitive to cypermethrin than adult rats. The liver enzymes that break down cypermethrin in the body are not completely developed in the newborn rats (7).

Humans

People handling or working with pyrethrins and pyrethroids (including cypermethrin) sometimes developed tingling, burning, dizziness,and itching (1,5)

Does cypermethrin break down and leave the body?

Animals

Both male and female rats excreted 50-65% of cypermethrin in their urine within 48 hours. Rats excreted 30% of the cypermethrin in their feces within 3 days (1).

Humans

Humans excrete cypermethrin rapidly. Men who voluntarily ingested low doses of cypermethrin (0.25, 0.5, 1, or 1.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight or mg/kg) in corn oil excreted between 49 to 78 percent of cypermethrin within 24 hours (1). These studies, along with results from animal studies, indicate that cypermethrin is unlikely to accumulate in the body.

Is cypermethrin likely to cause cancer?

Animals

• Mice fed high doses (up to 1600 mg/kg) over a lifetime did not develop cancer (malignant tumors) (1). ˇ However, some of the female mice developed benign (non-cancerous) lung tumors (1). See box on cancer.

Humans

The US EPA has classified cypermethrin as a possible human carcinogen (group C) because there is limited evidence that it causes cancer in animals (6, 8).

• Scientists have no data from work-related, accidental poisoning, or epidemiological studies that indicate whether or not cypermethrin is likely to cause cancer in humans.

Does cypermethrin cause reproductive or birth effects?

Animals

Cypermethrin studies with rats did not show any adverse reproductive effects (1). There was no evidence of birth defects in rats (1).

Humans

Scientists have no data from work-related, accidental poisonings, or epidemiological studies that indicate whether or not cypermethrin is likely to cause reproductive problems or birth defects in humans.

What happens to cypermethrin in the environment?

The typical half-life of cypermethrin in the soil is 30 days, although it can range from two to eight weeks (6, 9). Soil microbes rapidly break down cypermethrin (6). See box on half-life. ˇ Cypermethrin has an extremely low potential to move in the soil. It is unlikely to contaminate groundwater because it binds tightly to soil particles (6). Cypermethrin is stable in sunlight. ˇ The average half-life of cypermethrin on foliage is 5 days (9).

What effects does cypermethrin have on wildlife?

Cypermethrin is highly toxic to fish (6). • Some products for agricultural and commercial outdoor applications are limited to use by Certified Applicators (6). Such products bear specific precautions and directions to avoid contamination of water (6). • When cypermethrin products are used according to the label’s directions applications around the home or other residential sites pose little risk to aquatic life. ˇ Cypermethrin is highly toxic to bees (6). ˇ Cypermethrin is very highly toxic to water insects (6). ˇ Cypermethrin is very low in toxicity to birds (6).

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