CANCER | Carcinogens in the Food Chain
M.J. Prival, in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and
Nutrition (Second Edition), 2003
Cyclamates
Other widely used nonnutritive
sweeteners include sodium
cyclamate and calcium
cyclamate. In a study performed in the 1970s, rats that were fed high
doses of a mixture of sodium cyclamate
and saccharin had an increased incidence of bladder
tumors. Some additional studies reported that rats receiving sodium
cyclamate alone developed bladder tumors, but the results were not
statistically significant. Based on these findings, cyclamates were banned in
some countries, including the UK and the USA. However, many consider the
experimental reports of carcinogenicity
to be of questionable value, and cyclamates continue to be approved for use in
many countries. As mentioned above, there are no data from human populations
indicating that consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners are associated with
increased cancer
risk, although such studies are, by their very nature, insensitive. (SeeCYCLAMATES.)
Ingredients used in the preparation of canned foods
Susan Featherstone, in A Complete Course in Canning and Related
Processes (Fourteenth Edition), 2015
8.14.1
Alternative sweeteners
Alternative
sweeteners
should meet five basic criteria in order to be considered as viable
ingredients:
•
Must be safe to use
at the specified levels in products and approved by the regulatory agencies.
•
Should have no
off-flavours or aftertaste.
•
Should be water
soluble.
•
Must be stable during
the shelf-life of a product.
•
Should be cost-effective
compared to sucrose.
Alternative
sweeteners may require the use of bulking agents to provide for the additional
functional properties of sucrose. In the United States, six sugar substitutes
have been approved for use: stevia,
aspartame,
sucralose,
neotame,
acesulfame
K, and saccharin.
Saccharin is an organic
petroleum-based compound, chemical name 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-1 −1,l- dioxide
(C7H5NO3S), 200 to 700 times sweeter than
sucrose. It has the E number 954. It is commercially available as acid
saccharin, sodium saccharin, and calcium saccharin, in the form of white
crystals or crystalline powder. It is a very cost-efficient sweetener
but has a bitter metallic aftertaste that increases with higher concentrations.
Saccharin has been declared safe by several expert international committees and
is legally used in over 90 countries. The acceptable daily intake established
by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives is 2.5 mg/kg of
body weight (Giese, 1993). In the United States, the FDA permits the use of
saccharin, with restrictions on maximum levels and labelling requirements, in
the following products: beverages, fruit
juice drinks, bases or mixes, sugar substitute for cooking or table use,
processed foods, chewing
gum, and flavour chips used in non-standardised bakery products (CFR,
1994).
Acesulfame-K, or acesulfame
potassium, is the potassium salt of
6-methyl-l,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-1-2,2-dioxide. It has the E number 950. It is
130–200 times sweeter than sucrose and manifests bitter and metallic flavours
at high concentrations. It is particularly useful in mixtures with aspartame or
sodium
cyclamate due to a synergistic effect that enhances sweetness.
More than 50 international studies have reported no toxic effects of
acesulfame-K. The FDA has established an acceptable daily intake of
15 mg/kg (Giese, 1993). The additive may be used in the following foods in
the United States: dry, free-flowing sugar substitutes in packaged units; sugar
substitute tables; chewing gum; dry bases for beverages, instant coffee and
instant tea; dry bases for gelatines, puddings
and pudding
desserts; and dry bases for dairy product analogues, confections, hard candy,
and soft candy (CFR, 1994).
Aspartame is a dipeptide
of the methyl ester of l-phenylalanine linked to l-aspartic acid (C14H18N2O5).
It is 180 times sweeter than sucrose, has a similar taste to sucrose with no
bitter aftertaste, and acts as a taste intensifier and enhancer. It has the E
number E951. It is also non-cariogenic. Disadvantages are instability in acid
environments and loss of sweetness during extended heating. The FDA-acceptable
daily intake of aspartame is 50 mg/kg of body weight. Aspartame is
approved for use in 75 countries with more than 500 product applications
(Giese, 1993). In the United States it can be used as a sweetener in the
following foods: dry, free-flowing sugar substitutes for table use (not to
include use in cooking); in packaged units sugar substitute tablets for hot
beverages; breakfast
cereals; chewing gum; dry bases for beverages, instant coffee, and tea
beverages, gelatines, puddings, and fillings; dairy product analogue
toppings; non-alcoholic flavoured beverages; tea beverages; fruit juice-based
beverages and their concentrates or syrups;
frozen stick-type confections and novelties; breath mints; hard and soft candy;
refrigerated gelatines, puddings, and fillings; fruit
wine beverages; yoghurt-type products; refrigerated flavoured milk
beverages; frozen
desserts; frostings, toppings, fillings, glazes, and icings for baked
goods; frozen cheesecakes; fruit and fruit toppings; frozen dairy and
non-dairy frostings; toppings and fillings fruit spreads; fruit toppings and fruit
syrups; malt
beverages; and baked goods and baking mixes (CFR, 1994).
Stevia is purified from the
leaves of Stevia
rebaudiana, commonly known as sweetleaf, sweet leaf, sugarleaf,
or stevia. As a sweetener and sugar substitute, stevia’s taste has a slower
onset and longer duration than that of sugar.
Steviol
glycoside is up to 300 times the sweetness of sugar. As stevia has a
negligible effect on blood
glucose it is attractive to people on carbohydrate-controlled diets. Stevioside
has the E number E960.
Sucralose is an artificial
sweetener approximately 320–1000 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar).
The majority of ingested sucralose is not broken down by the body, so it is noncaloric. It has the E
number E955. It is stable under heat and over a broad range of pH conditions.
Therefore, it can be used in baking or in products that require a longer
shelf-life.
Neotame is an artificial
sweetener that is between 7000 and 13,000 times sweeter than sucrose (table
sugar). It has the E number E961. It is moderately heat-stable.
SOFT DRINKS | Chemical Composition
K. Jorge, in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and
Nutrition (Second Edition), 2003
Cyclamate
Cyclamate
is an odorless, white crystalline powder. The name usually denotes either calcium
cyclamate or sodium cyclamate, both of which
are salts
of cyclohexylsulfamic acid. They have a very sweet taste, with about 30 times
the sweetening power of sucrose.
After saccharin, cyclamate was the most commonly used
sweetener until it was banned in the USA in 1970, after which many countries
followed suit. Much of the scientific community doubted that cyclamate was
hazardous but for new FDA
approval more very costly research is needed and people would rather
concentrate on other sweeteners.
(See
CYCLAMATES.)
.
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: only a member of this blog may post a comment.