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Friday, 5 July 2019

Cyclamates



CANCER | Carcinogens in the Food Chain

Cyclamates

Other widely used nonnutritive sweeteners include sodium cyclamate and calcium cyclamate. In a study performed in the 1970s, rats that were fed high doses of a mixture of sodium cyclamate and saccharin had an increased incidence of bladder tumors. Some additional studies reported that rats receiving sodium cyclamate alone developed bladder tumors, but the results were not statistically significant. Based on these findings, cyclamates were banned in some countries, including the UK and the USA. However, many consider the experimental reports of carcinogenicity to be of questionable value, and cyclamates continue to be approved for use in many countries. As mentioned above, there are no data from human populations indicating that consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners are associated with increased cancer risk, although such studies are, by their very nature, insensitive. (SeeCYCLAMATES.)

Ingredients used in the preparation of canned foods

8.14.1 Alternative sweeteners

Alternative sweeteners should meet five basic criteria in order to be considered as viable ingredients:
Must be safe to use at the specified levels in products and approved by the regulatory agencies.
Should have no off-flavours or aftertaste.
Should be water soluble.
Must be stable during the shelf-life of a product.
Should be cost-effective compared to sucrose.
Alternative sweeteners may require the use of bulking agents to provide for the additional functional properties of sucrose. In the United States, six sugar substitutes have been approved for use: stevia, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame K, and saccharin.
Saccharin is an organic petroleum-based compound, chemical name 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-1 −1,l- dioxide (C7H5NO3S), 200 to 700 times sweeter than sucrose. It has the E number 954. It is commercially available as acid saccharin, sodium saccharin, and calcium saccharin, in the form of white crystals or crystalline powder. It is a very cost-efficient sweetener but has a bitter metallic aftertaste that increases with higher concentrations. Saccharin has been declared safe by several expert international committees and is legally used in over 90 countries. The acceptable daily intake established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives is 2.5 mg/kg of body weight (Giese, 1993). In the United States, the FDA permits the use of saccharin, with restrictions on maximum levels and labelling requirements, in the following products: beverages, fruit juice drinks, bases or mixes, sugar substitute for cooking or table use, processed foods, chewing gum, and flavour chips used in non-standardised bakery products (CFR, 1994).
Acesulfame-K, or acesulfame potassium, is the potassium salt of 6-methyl-l,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-1-2,2-dioxide. It has the E number 950. It is 130–200 times sweeter than sucrose and manifests bitter and metallic flavours at high concentrations. It is particularly useful in mixtures with aspartame or sodium cyclamate due to a synergistic effect that enhances sweetness. More than 50 international studies have reported no toxic effects of acesulfame-K. The FDA has established an acceptable daily intake of 15 mg/kg (Giese, 1993). The additive may be used in the following foods in the United States: dry, free-flowing sugar substitutes in packaged units; sugar substitute tables; chewing gum; dry bases for beverages, instant coffee and instant tea; dry bases for gelatines, puddings and pudding desserts; and dry bases for dairy product analogues, confections, hard candy, and soft candy (CFR, 1994).
Aspartame is a dipeptide of the methyl ester of l-phenylalanine linked to l-aspartic acid (C14H18N2O5). It is 180 times sweeter than sucrose, has a similar taste to sucrose with no bitter aftertaste, and acts as a taste intensifier and enhancer. It has the E number E951. It is also non-cariogenic. Disadvantages are instability in acid environments and loss of sweetness during extended heating. The FDA-acceptable daily intake of aspartame is 50 mg/kg of body weight. Aspartame is approved for use in 75 countries with more than 500 product applications (Giese, 1993). In the United States it can be used as a sweetener in the following foods: dry, free-flowing sugar substitutes for table use (not to include use in cooking); in packaged units sugar substitute tablets for hot beverages; breakfast cereals; chewing gum; dry bases for beverages, instant coffee, and tea beverages, gelatines, puddings, and fillings; dairy product analogue toppings; non-alcoholic flavoured beverages; tea beverages; fruit juice-based beverages and their concentrates or syrups; frozen stick-type confections and novelties; breath mints; hard and soft candy; refrigerated gelatines, puddings, and fillings; fruit wine beverages; yoghurt-type products; refrigerated flavoured milk beverages; frozen desserts; frostings, toppings, fillings, glazes, and icings for baked goods; frozen cheesecakes; fruit and fruit toppings; frozen dairy and non-dairy frostings; toppings and fillings fruit spreads; fruit toppings and fruit syrups; malt beverages; and baked goods and baking mixes (CFR, 1994).
Stevia is purified from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, commonly known as sweetleaf, sweet leaf, sugarleaf, or stevia. As a sweetener and sugar substitute, stevia’s taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar.
Steviol glycoside is up to 300 times the sweetness of sugar. As stevia has a negligible effect on blood glucose it is attractive to people on carbohydrate-controlled diets. Stevioside has the E number E960.
Sucralose is an artificial sweetener approximately 320–1000 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). The majority of ingested sucralose is not broken down by the body, so it is noncaloric. It has the E number E955. It is stable under heat and over a broad range of pH conditions. Therefore, it can be used in baking or in products that require a longer shelf-life.
Neotame is an artificial sweetener that is between 7000 and 13,000 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar). It has the E number E961. It is moderately heat-stable.




SOFT DRINKS | Chemical Composition

Cyclamate

Cyclamate is an odorless, white crystalline powder. The name usually denotes either calcium cyclamate or sodium cyclamate, both of which are salts of cyclohexylsulfamic acid. They have a very sweet taste, with about 30 times the sweetening power of sucrose.
After saccharin, cyclamate was the most commonly used sweetener until it was banned in the USA in 1970, after which many countries followed suit. Much of the scientific community doubted that cyclamate was hazardous but for new FDA approval more very costly research is needed and people would rather concentrate on other sweeteners. (See CYCLAMATES.)



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