Persistence of
coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents
February 2020
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339070922_Persistence_of_coronaviruses_on_inanimate_surfaces_and_its_inactivation_with_biocidal_agents
Currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus,
temporary named 2019-nCoV, has become a global health concern causing severe
respiratory tract infections in humans. Human-to-human transmissions have been
described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its spread via
droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. We therefore reviewed the literature
on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary
coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies with
biocidal agents used for chemical disinfection, e.g. in healthcare facilities.
The analysis of 22 studies reveals that human coronaviruses such as Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS) coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) can persist on
inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to 9 days, but can be
efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62-71% ethanol,
0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. Other
biocidal agents such as 0.05-0.2% benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine
digluconate are less effective. As no specific therapies are available for
2019-nCoV, early containment and prevention of further spread will be crucial
to stop the ongoing outbreak and to control this novel infectious thread.
... In a recent review all
E-mail address: guenter.kampf@uni-greifswald.de. available data on the
persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces were summarized [7].
Most data were described with the endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) strain 229E
which can remain infectious for 2 h -9 d on different types of materials. ...
... Within 10 min a
concentration of 0.2% revealed no efficacy against coronavirus whereas a
concentration of 0.05% was more effective. In contrast, 0.02% chlorhexidine
digluconate was basically ineffective [7]. ...
... 62%e71% ethanol reduced
coronavirus infectivity within 1 min exposure time by 2.0e4.0 log 10 .0.1%e0.5%
sodium hypochlorite and 2% glutardialdehyde were also quite effective with a reduction
of viral infectivity > 3.0 log 10 in 1 min. 0.04% benzalkonium chloride,
0.06% sodium hypochlorite and 0.55% ortho-phthalaldehyde, however, were less
effective [7]. ...
... Once infected droplets have
landed on surfaces, their survivability on those surfaces determines if contact
transmission is possible. Based on our current understanding from other
betacoronaviruses, including SARS and MERS, coronaviruses can survive, and
remain infectious, from 2 hours up to 9 days on inanimate surfaces such as metal,
glass, or plastic, with increased survival in colder and dryer
environments [36][37][38]. For this reason, the Chinese government has
been reported to be disinfecting and even destroying cash in an effort to
contain the virus [39]. ...
... For this reason, the
Chinese government has been reported to be disinfecting and even destroying
cash in an effort to contain the virus [39]. Reassuringly, cleansing of
surfaces with common biocidals such as ethanol and sodium hypochlorite is very
effective at inactivation of the coronaviruses within 1 minute of
exposure [36]. ...
... HCoVs have been shown to
persist on dry surfaces for up to 9 days. [242][243][244] The persistence
depends on temperature (shorter duration at 30-40°C) and humidity (longer at
higher humidity). 245 HCoVs, including novel CoVs, can be inactivated by
heating to 56°C for 30 minutes or by using lipid solvents such as ethanol
(>75%), isopropanol (>70%), formaldehyde (>0.7%), povidone-iodine
(>0.23%), sodium hypochlorite (>0.21%), hydrogen peroxide (>0.5%), but
not chlorhexidine. ...
... 245 HCoVs, including novel
CoVs, can be inactivated by heating to 56°C for 30 minutes or by using lipid
solvents such as ethanol (>75%), isopropanol (>70%), formaldehyde
(>0.7%), povidone-iodine (>0.23%), sodium hypochlorite (>0.21%),
hydrogen peroxide (>0.5%), but not chlorhexidine. 72,244 SUMMARY
SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections seem to affect children less
commonly and less severely as compared with adults. This might be because
children are less frequently exposed to the main sources of transmission (which
until now has been disproportionally nosocomial) or because they are less
exposed to animals. ...
... Once infected droplets have
landed on surfaces, their survivability on those surfaces determines if contact
transmission is possible. Based on our current understanding from other
betacoronaviruses, including SARS and MERS, coronaviruses can survive, and
remain infectious, from 2 hours up to 9 days on inanimate surfaces such as
metal, glass, or plastic, with increased survival in colder and dryer
environments [36][37][38]. For this reason, the Chinese government has
been reported to be disinfecting and even destroying cash in an effort to
contain the virus [39]. ...
... For this reason, the
Chinese government has been reported to be disinfecting and even destroying
cash in an effort to contain the virus [39]. Reassuringly, cleansing of
surfaces with common biocidals such as ethanol and sodium hypochlorite is very
effective at inactivation of the coronaviruses within 1 minute of
exposure [36]. ...
... Furthermore, the risk of the spread of
infectious disease increases rapidly if the healthcare hazards cannot be
collected and treated in a timely and appropriate manner. For example,
researches have shown the persistence of coronavirus on inanimate surfaces,
i.e., medical waste, could be up to 9 days [59]. Moreover, some infectious diseases, i.e., the COVID-19, may
be possible for aerosol transmission especially within closed environment like
hospitals [60], which further increase the risk of disease spread. ...
... Nevertheless, these can be efficiently
inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62-71% ethanol, 0.5%
hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within one minute. 68 Other biocidal agents such as 0.05-0.2% benzalkonium
chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate Need to train staff repeatedly to
maintain competency if not frequently used ...
... where D i is the smoothed chest radiograph
score of the serve patient at time Figure.1 shows the fitted result of our
model and Table.1 summarizes the estimation results of the parameters and R 0
of our model (1). We estimate that the death rate of these two virus are 5.36
(COVID-19) and 4.64 (MERS) per day, which is larger than the clearance rate of
the virus on the outside surface [4]. This result shows the immune system can clear the virus
directly. ...
... These infected droplets can spread 1-2 m
and deposit on surfaces. The virus can remain viable on surfaces for days in
favourable atmospheric conditions but are destroyed in less than a minute by
common disinfectants like sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide etc. [13]. Infection is acquired either by inhalation of these
droplets or touching surfaces contaminated by them and then touching the nose,
mouth and eyes. ...
... There are a wide range of disinfectants
available that can be used to disinfect surfaces [8]. Kampf et al. [9] have noted that other coronaviruses, e.g. SARS and
MERS, can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass, or plastic for up to
9 days, but can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures
with 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within
1 min. ...
... However, they can be efficiently
inactivated by surface disinfects within one minute. These surface
disinfectants contain 62%-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.1% (1 g/L)
sodium hypochlorite (Kampf
et al., 2020). Surfaces are
disinfected after each patient visits, especially surfaces in close proximity
to the operating areas. ...
... On inanimate surfaces, human coronaviruses
can remain infectious for up to 9 days. A surface disinfection with 0.1% sodium
hypochlorite, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, or 62%-71% ethanol can be regarded as
effective against coronaviruses within 1 min [15,17]. ...
... Kampf et al. investigated the persistence
of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and ways to deal with it. They found
that the period of persistence is nine days for coronaviruses, and some
disinfectants, such as 62%-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, or 0.1% sodium
hypochlorite can be very efficient in dealing with this virus [8]. Lai et al. have evaluated the outbreak of COVID-19 and its
challenges. ...
... Previous studies have shown that
coronaviruses could be efficiently inactivated using surface disinfectants with
62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1
min, but other biocidal agents such as 0.05-0.2% benzalkonium chloride or 0.02%
chlorhexidine digluconate were less effective [45] . However, current investigation of the efficacy of
commonly used disinfection agents against SARS-CoV-2 is lacking. ...
... [8] Contaminated inanimate surfaces surround the patients
with COVID-19 in the hospital should not be overlooked as a major source of
transmission of infection. [9] At the time of writing this editorial,
SARS CoV-2 has spread in 109 countries and the number of confirmed cases
exceeds 113,000 cases; the majority of the cases (71%) are in China and (29%)
outside China, till the time of preparation of this editorial, 4012 (3.5%)
recorded deaths globally, 3140 in China only. Outside China, Italy recorded the
highest number of confirmed cases (9172) followed by the Republic of Korea
(7513), then Iran (7161). ...
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